| Line 213: | Line 213: | ||
| * [http://mbingenheimer.net/publications/ritzinger-bingenheimer.buddhistMummies.pdf Justin Ritzinger and Marcus Bingenheimer (2006), ''Whole-body relics in Chinese Buddhism – Previous Research and Historical Overview] | * [http://mbingenheimer.net/publications/ritzinger-bingenheimer.buddhistMummies.pdf Justin Ritzinger and Marcus Bingenheimer (2006), ''Whole-body relics in Chinese Buddhism – Previous Research and Historical Overview] | ||
| * [http://www.kervan.unito.it/contents/documents/3_7_TRA.pdf Stefania Travagnin (2006), ''SHI CIHANG 航慈釋 THE FIRST CASE OF MUMMIFIED BUDDHIST IN TAIWAN''] | * [http://www.kervan.unito.it/contents/documents/3_7_TRA.pdf Stefania Travagnin (2006), ''SHI CIHANG 航慈釋 THE FIRST CASE OF MUMMIFIED BUDDHIST IN TAIWAN''] | ||
| + | * [http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/2002b/05Gildow,%20final.pdf douglas gildow and marcus bingenheimer, ''Buddhist Mummification in Taiwan: Two Case Studies''] | ||
| [[Category:Buddhist pilgrimages]] | [[Category:Buddhist pilgrimages]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:31, 8 May 2012
Buddhist mummies, also called flesh body bodhisattvas, full body sariras, or living buddhas (Sokushinbutsu) refer to the bodies of Buddhist monks and nuns that remain incorrupt, without any traces of deliberate mummification. These are venerated by some Buddhists who believe they successfully were able to mortify their flesh to death. The practise to purposely make undecomposed bodies is seen as controversial and contradictory in Buddhism believing in impermanence. Many were destroyed or lost in history.[1]
|
Contents |
[edit] Causes
Some Mahayana buddhist monks left instructions to be followed after their deaths, which often included having them buried sitting in a lotus posture, put into a vessel with drying agents (such as coal, wood, paper, or lime) and surrounded by bricks, to be exhumed later, usually after three years. The preserved bodies would then be decorated with paint and adorned with gold.[2][3] It is a common method in China. Some covered the bodies with clay or salt.
According to Victor H. Mair in the Discovery channel series The Mystery of the Tibetan Mummy, the self-mummification of a Tibetan monk, who died ca. 1475 and whose body was retrieved relatively incorrupt in the 1990s, was achieved by the sophisticated practices of meditation, coupled with prolonged starvation and slow self-suffocation using a special belt that connected the neck with his knees in a lotus position, believing that could relieve a famine.
The mummies of monks (Sokushinbutsu) in Japan practised nyūjō (入定), which caused their own death by adhering to a wood eating diet made up of salt, nuts, seeds, roots, pine bark, and urushi tea. They were then buried alive in a pine-wood box full of salt connected by a tube for air and would ring a bell signaling they were alive. When the bell stopped ringing the air tube was removed.[4][5] Japan banned unburying in 1879 and assisted suicide, including religious suicide is now illegal.
[edit] Theravada
Some names lost[6] or unknown.[7]
- Mahākāśyapa[8]
- Bo-tan-wei-en[2]
- Thamanya Sayadaw[9][10][11][12]
- Luang Phor Kasem Kemagoh [13]
- Luang Pho Daeng[13]
- Luang Phoo Song[13]
- Luang Phor Wat Paknam or Luang Phor Sodh [14][15]
[edit] Mahayana
Some names lost,[16][17] Taoists[18] or Way of Former Heaven religion (先天道).
- Shōnyo (証如)[19]
- Zōga shōnin (増賀上人)[19]
- Ninga (仁賀), a student of Zōga[19]
- Gensan shōnin (源算上人)[19]
- Komatsuji shōnin (小松寺上人)[19]
- Ganzai (願西尼) (nun)[19]
- Kaijin (沙門戒深)[19]
- Senkaku (priest) (暹覚法師)[19]
- Angin Kitsudō (案山吉道)[19]
- Kyūen (久円), a student of Kitsudō[19]
- Jikigyō Miroku (食行身禄)[19]
- Nikkan (日鑑上人)[19]
- Itō Sankō (伊藤産行), a student of Miroku[19]
- Manzō (萬蔵)[20]
- Shan Daokai (單道開)[19]
- Huizhi (慧直)[21]
- Zhiyi[19]
- Zhikai (智鍇), a student of Zhiyi[19]
- Zhixi (智晞), a student of Zhiyi[19]
- Sengche (僧徹)[19]
- Daoxiu (道休)[19]
- Dayi Daoxin[19]
- Daman Hongren[19]
- Fapu (法普)[19]
- Youxuan (幽玄)[19]
- Suiduan (遂端)[19]
- Hangxiao (行修)[19]
- Wang (王羅漢)[19]
- Laode (老德和尚)[21]
- Baoyin (寶印)[21]
- Chang (常羅漢)[21]
- Chongyan (崇演)[21]
- Chunan (楚南)[21]
- Cunshou (存壽)[21]
- Daxing (大行)[21]
- Daoang (釋道昂)[21]
- Daolin (釋道林)[21]
- Daoyin (釋道因)[21]
- Dexiu (德秀)[21]
- Fachong (法充)[21]
- Fapu (法普)[21]
- Faqin (法欽)[21]
- Guting (古庭)[21]
- Guangyu (廣玉)[21]
- Heluojie (訶羅謁)[21]
- Faming (法明)[21]
- Huanzhong (寰中)[21]
- Hui (慧禪師)[21]
- Huikong (慧空)[21]
- Huishi (慧寔)[21]
- Huiyan (慧嚴)[21]
- Jianzhen[21]
- Jueqing (覺慶)[21]
- Pengpeng (沙門釋彭彭)[21]
- Puyuan (普願)[21]
- Ruyu (如玉)[21]
- Shifan (師範)[21]
- Shiyu (世瑜)[21]
- Wenyan (文偃禪師)[21][22]
- Qingliangwenyi (清涼文益)[21]
- Wuji (無迹)[21]
- Wulou (無漏)[21]
- Hangxiu (行修)[21]
- Yefang (業方)[21]
- Yi Xing[21]
- Youxuan (幽玄)[21]
- Zhiyuan (智圓禪師)[21]
- Zhutanyou (竺昙猷)[21]
- Ziyu (子瑀)[21]
- Zongyuan (宗淵)[21]
- Niunao (拗撓)[21]
- Baoan (寶安)[21]
- Canghuan (藏奂)[21]
- Daibing (代病)[21]
- Daozhou (道舟)[21]
- Guangyi (光儀)[21]
- Guangji (沙門廣寄)[21]
- Huayan (華嚴和尚)[21]
- Huaiyu (懷玉)[21]
- Sengbian (僧辯)[21]
- Wenxi (文喜)[21]
- Yuanshao (圓紹)[21]
- Jinggan (靜感比丘尼) (nun)[2]
- Lingjiao (靈覺比丘尼) (nun)[2]
- Huiyin (惠隱尼) (nun)[2]
- Defeng (德風和尚)[23]
- Dinghui (定慧和尚)[23]
- Shengchuan (聖傳和尚)[23]
- Longshan (隆山祖師)[23]
- Falong (法龍和尚)[23]
- Huade (華德和尚)[23]
- Bi Yuexia (碧月俠) (Taoist)[24]
- Bi Dengxia (碧燈俠) (Taoist)[24]
- Bi Chenxia (碧塵俠) (Taoist)[24]
- Yingong (銀公)[25]
- Mosi (摩斯)[25]
- Chushan (楚山和尚)[26]
- Chen Jinggu (陳靖姑) (Taoist woman)[27][28]
- Wuji (無際大師) [29][30]
- Shinsō Gyōjun (心相行順大行者)[31]
- Kōchi (弘智法印)[31]
- Tanzei (弾誓上人)[31]
- Arisada (宥貞法印)[31]
- Shungi (舜義上人)[31]
- Shūkai (秀快上人)[31]
- Myōshin (妙心法師)[32][33]
- Longde (隆德禅师)[34]
- Huihuan (慧寬法師)[35]
- Xianliang (顯亮沙彌尼) (nun), student of Huihuan[35]
- Haiyun (海雲禪師).[36]
- Zhou Fengchen (周凤臣) (laywoman)[37][38]
- Tian Zhichao (田志超)[39]
- Jiaofeng (焦豐居士) (layman)[40]
- Yuantong (圓通和尚)[40]
- Xinhui (性慧)[25]
- Xintian (性添)[25]
- Haicheng (海澄)[25]
- Chanhua (禪化)[25]
- Lijin (立謹)[25]
- Zhiyuen (智遠)[25]
- Faxing (法信)[25]
- Yikong (一空)[25]
- Yunhe (雲鶴)[25]
- Mingyue (明月)[25]
- Mingliang (明亮)[25]
- Lin Guanrong (林观荣) (layman)[41]
- Haimo (海墨老和尚)[2]
- Wu Yunqing (吴云青) (Taoist)[42][43]
- Dizang(Jin qiaojiao) (地藏(金喬覺))[44]
- Puwen (普文和尚)[45]
- Liaozhen (了真大師)[46]
- Zongsheng (释宗胜)[47]
- Wang Chunrong (王春荣) (laywoman)[48]
- Yinlian (隐莲法师)[49]
- Pu-Chao (普照法師)[50]
- De-Hsiu (德休師父) (nun) [51][52][53]
- K'ai-Feng (釋開豐)[54]
- Mrs Sung (宋老太太) (laywoman)[55][56]
- Ma Jinying (馬金瑛) (Taoist woman)[57]
- Gao Bangniang (高榜娘) (laywoman)
- Gao Guaniang (高瓜娘) (laywoman), sister of Gao Bangniang[58][59]
- Miaozhi (妙智和尚)[60][61]
- Zhugu (珠姑) (Zhaijiao nun) [62]
- Wujinzhang (無盡藏比丘尼) (nun) [63]
- Bingong (賓公生佛)[64][65][66]
- Yuet Kai (月溪法師)[67]
- Cheung (張禪師爺) (Taoist)[68][69]
- Vũ Khắc Minh[70]
- Vũ Khắc Trường[71]
[edit] Vajrayana
Some names are lost[72]
- Kūkai
- Jōjin (成尋)[19]
- Yuihan ajari (阿闍梨 維範)[19]
- Kōgyō-Daishi
- Rinken ajari (検校 阿闍梨 琳賢)[19]
- Junkai (淳海)[20]
- Gekkōkai shōnin (月光海上人)[20]
- Shinkai shōnin (岑海上人)[20]
- Bogd Khan[73]
- Śubhakarasiṃha (善無畏)[19]
- Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov (no known methods of mummification detected, the body's condition is not clear for scientists)
- Honmyōkai shōnin (本明海上人)[31]
- Zenkai (全海法師)[31]
- Chūkai shōnin (忠海上人)[31]
- Shinnyokai shōnin (真如海上人)[31]
- Enmyōkai shōnin (円明海上人)[31]
- Tetsumonkai shōnin (鉄門海上人)[74][75]
- Kōmyōkai shōnin (光明海上人)[31]
- Myōkai shōnin (明海上人)[31]
- Tetsuryūkai shōnin (鉄龍海上人)[31]
- 13th Dalai Lama[73]
[edit] See also
[edit] Referencess
- ^ Faure, Bernard (1994). The rhetoric of immediacy: a cultural critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism. Princeton University Press. pp. 150. ISBN 0691029636. http://books.google.com/books?id=LyfysMjKooEC&pg=PA149.
- ^ a b c d e f 佛教肉身现象简论
- ^ 九华山肉身之谜
- ^ Hori, Ichiro (1962). "Self-Mummified Buddhas in Japan. An Aspect of the Shugen-Dô ("Mountain Asceticism") Sect". History of Religions 1 (2): 222–242. doi:10.1086/462445. JSTOR 1062053.
- ^ Mathews, Chris. "Ritual Self- Mummification."
- ^ 華雨集第四冊07
- ^ 風城築夢
- ^ 佛說彌勒大成佛經》卷1
- ^ Will Thamanya Sayadaw's Body Ever Rest in Peace?
- ^ Tharmanya Sayardaw / Sayardaw U Vinaya - Myanmar (Burma)
- ^ Thamanya Sayadaw
- ^ The Cult of Thamanya Sayadaw
- ^ a b c MrYeeshkul's Thai Guru Monks
- ^ 怪异！泰国的高僧驾鹤西去，但肉身不死，何故？
- ^ The statue of Luang Phor Sodh of Wat Pak Nam
- ^ 绵山包骨真身塑像历经千年骨架完好无损
- ^ 六、念佛婆子 瑞應奇特
- ^ 陕西华县发现玉泉洞坐化道士干尸 泥塑真身
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad 文献上の入定ミイラ
- ^ a b c d 失われた即身仏・ミイラ
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc 肉身和尚集
- ^ 三、人物傳略
- ^ a b c d e f 探索肉身之迷
- ^ a b c 八卦掌起源再探究——实非董海川所创
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 五龙躔景区 - -=三佳绵山=-
- ^ 明代临济高僧楚山绍琦与成都石经寺
- ^ 宁德《女神出世》
- ^ 祖廟豐采-古田臨水宮
- ^ 南岳无际大师肉身"屈居东瀛风波真相
- ^ "东方木乃伊"何时归故里？
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mummies in Northern Japan即身仏一覧表
- ^ 御正体山の妙心上人
- ^ 即身仏の思想的背景
- ^ 万德禅寺将举行上隆下德禅师肉身贴金圆满仪式
- ^ a b 绥化市望奎县红光寺惊现肉身舍利
- ^ 从白塔寺到法源寺追寻海云禅师真身之谜
- ^ 香河老人专题－学佛感应
- ^ 十年不腐揭秘"香河老人"肉身不腐之谜(图)
- ^ 搜神记之八：田志超汉人成佛第一人
- ^ a b 绵山宗教
- ^ 男子将亡父制成木乃伊 7年不腐烂
- ^ "160岁高僧圆寂8年真身不腐"调查
- ^ "160岁寿星"幕后新闻
- ^ 金地藏与九华山地藏文化--谢澍田
- ^ 导游词
- ^ 百年不腐 盘点世界各地真实版"睡美人
- ^ 源浦寺首任住持圆寂3年后肉身不腐
- ^ 江西上饶发现真身塑像 去世老妪20年不腐
- ^ 中国肉身菩萨隐莲法师回忆录
- ^ 肉身菩薩普照法師 20多年保持良好
- ^ 基隆德休師父坐缸菩薩 台灣女性第一人
- ^ 慈安宮
- ^ 也是開缸肉身不壞
- ^ 坐缸肉身菩薩 純金雕塑金身
- ^ 吃齋勤禮佛60年 屏東老婦去世前即預言坐缸成肉身佛
- ^ 靈鬼盜氣
- ^ 仙妈简介
- ^ 闽南神奇的肉身佛
- ^ 福州晚报
- ^ 福建"肉身舍利" 116岁高僧肉身敷金
- ^ 香港佛教556期
- ^ 女居士圆寂32年肉身不腐 寺庙欲为其塑金身(图)
- ^ 六祖法寶壇經淺釋（機緣品第七）
- ^ 正果诗旅：从"正因"抵达"正果"
- ^ 正果寺
- ^ 广东增城正果寺导游词
- ^ 月溪法師
- ^ 公庵禪師寺
- ^ 歷史建築(五)元朗南
- ^ Buddhist Mummies
- ^ Notes on Vietnam Pagodas
- ^ 吉祥天母千年肉身，至今发甲仍在生长
- ^ a b Buddhist mummification traditions - Reuben Rutledge
- ^ 鉄門海上人
- ^ とみ新蔵(1966). 鉄門海上人伝(Manga)
[edit] Sources
- 内藤正敏 (1999/5/10). ミイラ信仰の研究.（京都）法蔵館. ISBN 9784831872449
- 日本ミイラ研究グループ (1993). 日本・中国ミイラ信仰の研究. 平凡社. ISBN 4582420028
[edit] External links
- Justin Ritzinger and Marcus Bingenheimer (2006), Whole-body relics in Chinese Buddhism – Previous Research and Historical Overview
- Stefania Travagnin (2006), SHI CIHANG 航慈釋 THE FIRST CASE OF MUMMIFIED BUDDHIST IN TAIWAN
- douglas gildow and marcus bingenheimer, Buddhist Mummification in Taiwan: Two Case Studies
Joshua Jonathan 08 May, 2012
-
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_mummies&diff=491398685&oldid=491398328
--
Manage subscription | Powered by rssforward.com
